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La circassienne
''La circassienne'' (The Circassian Woman) is an opera (''opéra comique'') in three acts composed by Daniel Auber to a French-language libretto by Eugène Scribe based on Louvet de Couvrai's 1787 novel ''Une année de la vie du chevalier de Faublas''. It was premiered on 2 February 1861 by the Opéra-Comique at the second Salle Favart in Paris. Set in Russia during the Russian-Circassian War, the opera was also known under the titles ''Morte d'amour'' (Died of Love), ''La révolte au Sérail'' (The Revolt in the Seraglio), ''Alexis'', and ''Faublas''.〔Casaglia, Gherardo (2005). (La circassienne ). Retrieved 23 July 2015 .〕
==Background and performance history==
''La circassienne'' was one of Auber's last operas, composed when he was nearly 80 years old. His librettist, Eugène Scribe, had been Auber's regular collaborator since 1823 and had written the libretto for his greatest success, ''Fra Diavolo''. The opera was premiered by the Opéra-Comique in Paris on 2 February 1861 in a production directed by Ernest Mocker.〔WorldCat. (OCLC 80431190 ). Retrieved 22 July 2013.〕 In his review of the premiere for ''Le Ménestrel'', Jacques Heugel praised the score as Auber's "most youthful, clever, and refined music", admirably adapted to Scribe's witty libretto and demonstrating once again that he was "the French musician ''par excellence''". He went on to describe the opening night as "a true success" with the audience "in raptures".〔''The Musical World'' (16 February 1861). ("Auber's New Opera" ), pp. 101–102. The article is an English translation of the review by Jacques-Léopold Heugel for ''Le Ménestrel'' (10 February 1861) pp. 81–83〕 An English vocal score translated by Thomas Oliphant was published shortly after the premiere as were numerous parlour music versions and instrumental fantasies on the score by various composers, including Eugène Ketterer.
However, the opera's success proved to be short-lived. In October 1861 an adapted English version of ''La circassienne'' was given three performances by the Caroline Richings opera company in Philadelphia,〔Hamilton, Frank. (Opera in Philadelphia: Performance Chronology 1850-1874 ), p. 81. Retrieved 22 July 2013.〕 but it received no performances in Europe outside of France. It remained in the Opéra-Comique's repertoire for only one year with a total of 49 performances.〔 In his reminiscences of an encounter with Auber shortly after the premiere, Wagner described it as "an uncommonly childish piece of patchwork, scarcely credible as coming from its grey-haired author" and wrote that Auber refused to talk about it, telling him "Ah, let us leave the farces in peace!"〔Wagner, Richard (1995). (''Actors and Singers'' ) (translated by William Ashton Ellis), p. 342. Originally published in 1896, republished by University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0803297734〕 The opera's overture was still occasionally played as a concert piece in the late 19th century and was recorded in the 1970s by Arthur Dennington conducting the Modern Symphony Orchestra (released on the Rare Recorded Editions label).〔WorldCat. (OCLC 15506665 ). Retrieved 22 July 2013.〕
Scribe died two weeks after the premiere of ''La circassienne''. His libretto was used again in 1871 as the basis for a German-language operetta by Franz von Suppé. Suppé's setting, entitled ''Fatinitza'', achieved great success which led to litigation by Scribe's widow.〔Letellier, Robert Ignatius (2011) (Introduction to Daniel-François-Esprit Auber: ''La Circassienne'' ), pp. ix–x.Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 1443829234〕 Auber lived on for another ten years and composed three more operas, including ''Le premier jour de bonheur'', his last major success.
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